In an increasingly digital and automated world, the boundaries between mechanical, electrical, and software engineering are becoming blurred. At the heart of this technological evolution lies mechatronic design—a multidisciplinary engineering approach that combines mechanical engineering

Autonomous vehicles (AVs), commonly known as self-driving cars, represent one of the most significant technological revolutions of the 21st century. At the core of these vehicles lies a complex and highly intelligent Autonomous Vehicle Control System—a sophisticated framework that allows